As I look back on my journey of understanding the role plant based nutrients play in maintaining health and fighting disease a couple of nutrients keep popping up that I think deserve a little exploration. Recent studies have illuminated the importance of these nutrients to staying healthy, but many people are confused as to exactly what they are and why they are important. I have a particular interest in coffee fruit because it seems to be the most powerful, but the most commonly studied of antioxidant phytochemicals important to health is the raspberry.
Phytonutrients: Phyto comes from the Greek word phuton for plant, so a phytonutrient is a nutrient that can only come from a plant. These are non-vitamin, non-mineral substances that only plants produce. Humans have evolved over the years to depend on a supply of these micronutrients for healthy functioning. Scientists are just beginning to understand the ways that the body uses phytonutrients, and many believe that they hold the key to understanding important biological processes associated with aging, disease, and cognative degeneration. Studying these substances in double blind peer reviewed and approved experiments is difficult for a number of reasons. The first is that since the substances are derived from plants they are difficult to quantify and standardize to use in the experiment. For instance tomatoes grown in acidic soil in South Carolina may have different levels of lycopene than tomatoes grown in more PH neutral soil in California, so if you have a study going on and you tell your subjects to each eat two tomatoes a day for a year to study the effects of lycopene on their eyesight they may be actually eating very different amounts in their diet, so the results may not indicate the efficacy of lycopene at all. A solution may be to isolate and standardize the dose of lycopene using chemical methods, but in many cases the metabolism of these compounds by the body depends on other nutrients found within the fruit itself, so an isolated lycopene molecule may be of no use to the body if it doesn’t have the chemical keys provided in the fruit to unlock it. What science does tell us using correlative methods is that populations that base their diets on large amounts of fruits and vegetables have significantly lower cancer, alzheimers, and heart disease than those that do not. Two years ago scientists engaged met to discuss a series of experiments using berries that offer important insight into the role of phytonutrients in preventing and treating cancer. One of the most important phytonutrients are anthocyanins.
Anthocyanins: (from Greek ἀνθός (anthos) = flower + κυανός (kyanos) = blue are water soluble pigments that are dark red, purple, or blue according to PH levels. They are a type of phytonutrient synthesized via the phenylpropanoid phenylpropanoid pathway and are odorless and almost flavorless. Anthocyanins occur in all tissues of plants, but are most concentrated in the reproductive (berry and seed) organs of plants. In 2007 anthocyanins were the topics of research presented at a 2007 symposium on health benefits that may result from berry consumption. See Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry Presents Research from the 2007 International Berry Health Benefits Symposium, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ACS Publications, February 2008 for more information and background.
At the symposium laboratory-based evidence was provided for potential health effects against cance,r aging and neurological diseases, inflammation, diabetes and bacterial infections In most of the research black rasberry preparations were first used to inhibit chemically induced cancer of the rat esophagus by 30-60% and of the colon by up to 80%. Effective at both the initiation and promotion/progression stages of tumor development, black raspberries are a practical research tool and a promising therapeutic source, as they contain the richest contents of anthocyanins among native North American Rubus berries. At the time this research was completed the scientists did not have access to the newest superfood discovered, coffee fruit, which has antioxidant levels exponentially higher than that of the raspberry. In the future you can expect more studies to focus on coffee fruit, but the antioxidants found in black raspberry which worked so well in lab trials are presumed to be available in much higher levels in coffee fruit, although more research is needed to quantify the levels in coffee fruit. Work on laboratory cancer models has shown that black raspberry anthocyanins inhibit promotion and progression of tumor cells by
- stalling growth of pre malignant cells
- accelerating the rate of cell turnover, effectively making the cancer cells die faster
- reducing inflammatory mediators that initiate tumor onset
- inhibiting growth of new blood vessels that nourish tumors and allow them to grow
- minimizing cancer-induced DNA mutations.
The results of these animal based studies have led to the next stage of research, human trials to determine the anti-cancer effects of anthocyanins. These studies started in 2007, and will continue for years to come. It may be quite some time before there is a definitive and in depth understanding of the ways that these nutrients work to prevent disease. In the mean time I am increasing my intake of plant based nutrients like anthocyanins by eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and I am passing this information on to my friends and family who are battling cancer so that they can make their own decisions on what course to take. To keep up with the latest in antioxidant news join our Facebook fan club here.
